Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2021 Population

164,277

2.71% 1-year growth

US Senator

Chuck Schumer

Democratic Party

US Senator

Kirsten Gillibrand

Democratic Party

2021 Median Age

38.8

0.513% 1-year decrease

2021 Poverty Rate

17.4%

3.25% 1-year increase

2021 Median Household Income

$57,787

4.16% 1-year growth

2021 Median Property Value

$135,900

4.22% 1-year growth

2021 Employed Population

67,621

1.63% 1-year growth

About

In 2021, Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY had a population of 164k people with a median age of 38.8 and a median household income of $57,787. Between 2020 and 2021 the population of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY grew from 159,939 to 164,277, a 2.71% increase and its median household income grew from $55,477 to $57,787, a 4.16% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are White (Non-Hispanic) (75.2%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (7.8%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (5.53%), White (Hispanic) (3.32%), and Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3%).

17.4% of the households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

95.3% of the residents in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Oneida County (Central)--Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are Utica University (1,652 degrees awarded in 2021), Mohawk Valley Community College (967 degrees), and SUNY Polytechnic Institute (878 degrees).

In 2021, the median property value in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was $135,900, and the homeownership rate was 61.9%.

Most people in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 18 minutes. The average car ownership in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was 2 cars per household.

Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY borders Herkimer (North & Central) & Oneida (Outer) Counties PUMA, NY and Otsego, Schoharie, Oneida (South) & Herkimer (South) Counties PUMA, NY.

About the photo: Delta Lake Dam & Bridge, Rome, NY

Photo by Adam Moss

United States New York

Population & Diversity

Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY is home to a population of 164k people, from which 95.3% are citizens. As of 2021, 11.3% of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY residents were born outside of the country (18.5k people).

In 2021, there were 9.63 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (123k people) in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY than any other race or ethnicity. There were 12.8k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 9.08k Asian (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are Spanish (7,401 households), Serbo-Croatian (4,434 households), and Other Languages of Asia (3,747 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

82,280

Women

50.1%

81,989

Men

49.9%

The resident population of United States in 2021 was 164,269 inhabitants, with 49.9% men, and 50.1% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

95.3%

2021 Citizenship

95.3%

2020 Citizenship

As of 2021, 95.3% of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2020, the percentage of US citizens in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was 95.3%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY

White (Non-Hispanic)
123k ± 584
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
12.8k ± 739
Asian (Non-Hispanic)
9.08k ± 374

Hispanic Population

13.1k people

8% of the people in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are hispanic (13.1k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,660 ± 1,469 people
Myanmar
1,950 ± 1,078 people
Thailand
1,030 ± 785 people

In 2021, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was Bosnia and Herzegovina, the natal country of 3,660 Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY residents, followed by Myanmar with 1,950 and Thailand with 1,030.

Foreign-Born Population

11.3%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

18.5k people

10.9%

2020 Foreign-Born Population

17.4k people

As of 2021, 11.3% of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY residents (18.5k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.6%. In 2020, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was 10.9%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
7,401 households (4.78%)
Serbo-Croatian
4,434 households (2.86%)
Other Languages of Asia
3,747 households (2.42%)

17.4% of the households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2021, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was Spanish. 4.78% of the households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,852 ± 295
Gulf War (2001-)
2,026 ± 390
Gulf War (1990s)
1,106 ± 272

Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.41 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY employs 67.6k people. The largest industries in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are Elementary & secondary schools (6,012 people), Restaurants & Food Services (4,146 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (3,385 people), and the highest paying industries are Securities, commodities, funds, trusts & other financial investments ($212,246), Advertising, public relations & related services ($149,315), and Electric power generation, transmission & distribution ($112,918).

Males in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY have an average income that is 1.29 times higher than the average income of females, which is $50,357. The income inequality in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY (measured using the Gini index) is 0.442, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

32,586

Women

49%

33,952

Men

51%

The workforce of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY in 2020 was 66,538 people, with 49% woman, and 51% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

67.6k

2021 Value

1.63%

1 Year growth

± 1.63%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY grew at a rate of 1.63%, from 66.5k employees to 67.6k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY, are Elementary & middle school teachers (2,098 people), Registered nurses (1,991 people), and Cashiers (1,917 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in New York (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

67.6k

2021 Value

1.63%

1 Year growth

± 1.63%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY grew at a rate of 1.63%, from 66.5k employees to 67.6k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY, are Elementary & secondary schools (6,012 people), Restaurants & Food Services (4,146 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (3,385 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY, though some of these residents may live in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$43,959

Median earning men ± $1,814

$34,037

Median earning women ± $1,155

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2021 are Public Administration ($70,881), Educational Services, & Health Care & Social Assistance ($54,323), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($53,089).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2021 are Construction ($54,507), Wholesale Trade ($53,839), and Public Administration ($49,057).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

Y-Axis

2.75%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 155M people employed in New York. This represents a 2.75% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in New York.

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Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from New York to other states, or from other states to New York.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2020, the top outbound New York product (by dollars) was Misc. mfg. prods. with $158B, followed by Mixed freight ($72.3B) and Electronics ($71.2B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound New York products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for New York.

$810B

2020 Value in New York

$1.62T

Projected 2050 Value in New York

100% growth

In 2020, total outbound New York trade was $810B. This is expected to increase 100% to $1.62T by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound New York trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from New York to other states, or from other states to New York.

Most Common Trade Partners

New Jersey
$65.9B
Pennsylvania
$49.6B
California
$30.8B

In 2020, the top outbound New York domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was New Jersey with $65.9B, followed by Pennsylvania with $49.6B and California and $30.8B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that New York shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 60.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (37.5%), followed by Other (0.813%).

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing the state of New York. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

New York is currently represented by 26 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY. Showing the available data for New York.

2020 Election Results

Joseph R Biden Jr. (60.4%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (37.5%)
Republican Party
Other (0.813%)
Alliance, American Solidarity, Becoming One Nation, Constitution, Independent, Other, Party For Socialism And Liberation, Prohibition, and The Birthday Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 60.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (37.5%), followed by Other (0.813%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in New York for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from New York

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

Chuck Schumer

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 3, 1999

Kirsten Gillibrand

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 26, 2009
Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Hillary Clinton, who had become Secretary of State.

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing New York.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in New York over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from New York

New York is currently represented by 26 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for New York have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2021, universities in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY awarded 4,161 degrees. The student population of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY in 2021 is skewed towards women, with 6,654 male students and 7,977 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are White (2,850 and 70.8%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (317 and 7.88%), Asian (287 and 7.13%), and Black or African American (250 and 6.21%).

The largest universities in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY by number of degrees awarded are Utica University (1,652 and 39.7%), Mohawk Valley Community College (967 and 23.2%), and SUNY Polytechnic Institute (878 and 21.1%).

The most popular majors in Oneida County (Central)--Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are Registered Nursing (524 and 12.6%), General Business Administration & Management (296 and 7.11%), and Critical Infrastructure Protection (270 and 6.49%).

The median tuition costs in Oneida County (Central)--Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY are $40,847 for private four year colleges, and $7,070 and $17,830 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2021 in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY, the percentage of applicants admitted was 41.2%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 20.5%. The number of students enrolled in 2021 was 14,631 (45.5% men and 54.5% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2021 there were 14,631 students enrolled in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY, 45.5% men and 54.5% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 10,029 records, of which 54.9% were women and 45.1% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Critical Infrastructure Protection
123 degree-majors awarded
General Business Administration & Management
100 degree-majors awarded
Registered Nursing
411 degree-majors awarded

In 2021, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Oneida County (Central)--Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was Critical Infrastructure Protection with 123 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Oneida County (Central)--Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Utica University
1,652 degrees awarded
Mohawk Valley Community College
967 degrees awarded
SUNY Polytechnic Institute
878 degrees awarded

In 2021, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Utica University with 1,652 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2021, 1,762 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY, which is 0.734 times less than the 2,399 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2021 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 2,850 degrees mean that there were 8.99 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 317 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($40,847) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2021.

Public, 4-year or above ($1,478) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2021.

Private not-for-profit, 2-year ($2,000) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2021, 1.7% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 1.94% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY in 2021 were High School or Equivalent (37.7k), Some college (28.1k), and Secondary Education (19.5k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was $135,900 in 2021, which is 0.555 times smaller than the national average of $244,900. Between 2020 and 2021 the median property value increased from $130,400 to $135,900, a 4.22% increase. The homeownership rate in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY is 61.9%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.6%.

People in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY have an average commute time of 18 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY is $57,787. In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was Battery Park City, Greenwich Village & Soho PUMA, NY with a value of $160,523, followed by Hempstead Town (East Central) PUMA, NY and Westchester County (Northeast) PUMA, NY, with respective values of $154,796 and $153,800.

Housing

Property

$135,900

Median Property Value 2021

±$3,789

$39,083

Median Property Taxes

±$1,361

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

61.9%

Homeownership

2021

61%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2021

In 2021, 61.9% of the housing units in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 62.7%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was Battery Park City, Greenwich Village & Soho PUMA, NY with a value of $160,523, followed by Hempstead Town (East Central) PUMA, NY and Westchester County (Northeast) PUMA, NY, with respective values of $154,796 and $153,800.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$57,787

Median Household Income

± $1,495

63.1k

Number of Households

± 1,805

In 2021, the median household income of the 63.1k households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY grew to $57,787 from the previous year's value of $55,477.

The following chart displays the households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.442

2021 Wage GINI in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY

0.446

2020 Wage GINI in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY

In 2021, the income inequality in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was 0.442 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.03% decline from 2020 to 2021, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2021

Drove Alone (76.8%)
Carpooled (9.56%)
Worked At Home (7.19%)

In 2021, 76.8% of workers in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (9.56%) and those who worked at home (7.19%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

18 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY have a shorter commute time (18 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.8 minutes). Additionally, 1.46% of the workforce in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

17.4% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY (26.6k out of 153k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.6%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Males 18 - 24 and then Males 6 - 11.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY is White, followed by Black and Hispanic.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

96% of the population of Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY has health coverage, with 44.3% on employee plans, 26.6% on Medicaid, 12.9% on Medicare, 11.1% on non-group plans, and 1.09% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in New York see 1180 patients per year on average, which represents a 1.17% decrease from the previous year (1194 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1192 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 308 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

1,180 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in New York

Primary care physicians in New York see an average of 1,180 patients per year. This represents a 1.17% decrease from the previous year (1,194 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in New York in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2021, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 24% under 18 years, 21.9% between 18 and 34 years, 36.5% between 35 and 64 years, and 17.6% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.1% were men and 51.9% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

4.01%

Uninsured

44.3%

Employer Coverage

26.6%

Medicaid

12.9%

Medicare

11.1%

Non-Group

1.09%

Military or VA

Between 2020 and 2021, the percent of uninsured citizens in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY grew by 5.34% from 3.81% to 4.01%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Greater Utica & Rome Cities PUMA, NY changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.